The Maggs Family

The Maggs family is linked to the Paradice family through the marriage of Sarah Maggs (1828-1894) to George Paradice.

The earliest records of the Maggs family date from the 1700s in the ecclesiastical parish of Potterne, Wiltshire.  Until 1852 this parish included the villages of Marston and Worton.  The Maggs family lived in Marston and attended the Church of St. Mary the Virgin in Potterne until Christ Church opened in Worton in 1843.  The genealogy of the Maggs family of Marston is based entirely on the parish registers of St. Mary the Virgin and Christ Church and therefore is subject to more potential errors than genealogies based on multiple sources.

Potterne lies between the chalk escarpments of the Marlborough Downs and Salisbury Plain, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the ancient market town of Devizes.  Worton is 3 miles (4.8 km) from Devizes.  A History of the County of Wiltshire[1] describes the setting of Marston and Worton thus:

The land in the parishes of Worton and Marston is uniformly about 200 ft. above sea-level.  Bulkington Brook rises in West Lavington, flows north-west through Worton and Marston, and is the boundary between them for part of its length.  The village of Worton lies on the road from Melksham to West Lavington.  That of Marston is a few hundred yards to the south.

Teresa Lewis quoted B.M.H. Crane, who wrote about the parish of Worton, saying, “There are no, nor were there, any famous families, no large estate, no earth shattering events have happened here.  Worton is a village of the ordinary:  Ordinary people doing ordinary things, leaving only slight marks of their passing.”[2]  The same statement likely applies to Marston.

In the 18^th and 19^th centuries the land around Marston, Worton and Potterne was largely agricultural, although the textile industry was also present.  An agricultural census conducted in 1801 showed that the crops grown in the area were 45% “barley and oats”, 31% wheat, and 24% “peas and beans”.[3]  Sheep were also important.  As early as 1660 there was a mill in Worton.  In the mid-1700s it was a thriving flour mill, which also had facilities for wool-making.[4]

There is little information about the occupations of the Maggs family.  The 1842 marriage certificate of James Maggs lists his father’s occupation as “labourer.”[5]  It seems likely that most members of the Maggs family were poor and uneducated.  Both the father and grandfather of James Maggs signed their marriage registers with “X”.  Their lives would not have been easy.

Thomas Maggs (About 1745? – 1829)

The earliest record that can be linked somewhat reliably to Sarah Maggs, wife of George Paradice, is the marriage by banns of Thomas Maggs and Mary Beard on November 4, 1777 at St. Mary the Virgin, Potterne.[6]  Although the parish registers begin in 1575, the earliest record of “Maggs” in the parish is the marriage of William Maggs, a blacksmith, to Jane Howell on July 5, 1756.  It is possible but unlikely that this couple were the parents of Thomas Maggs as baptismal records include two children of William Maggs (mother not listed): Ann christened on February 4, 1857 and William christened on May 15, 1758.  Had Thomas been born in 1859 he would have been only 18 when he married.  His burial record suggests that he was much older.  Thomas Maggs was buried on April 7, 1829 at the age of 84.[7]  If his age at death is correct, Thomas would have been born in about 1745.

Mary Beard, the wife of Thomas Maggs, appears to have been the daughter of Thomas Beard and Jane (or Joan) Shergold.[8]  Mary was born in Worton in about 1756 and was christened on April 30, 1756.[9]  She died, presumably in Marston, at the age of about 62[10] and was buried in Potterne on May 8, 1818.[11]  Thomas Maggs and Mary Beard had eight children whose baptisms were recorded in the Potterne parish register: They were:

William Maggs, who was christened on March 29, 1778[12] and was buried in Worton on March 20, 1863;[13] William married Ann White in Potterne on July 5, 1802.[14]  They had the following four children: Rebecca, Margaret, John and Elizabeth;

Thomas Maggs,[15] who was christened on December 12, 1779.¹²  He was the grandfather of Sarah Maggs Paradice, and his life is described below;

Ann Maggs, who was christened on August 18, 1782,¹² died in infancy, and was buried in Potterne on October 13, 1783;¹²

Mary Maggs,¹² who was christened on December 7, 1783, apparently died unmarried in 1856 at the age of about 73, and was buried in Worton;[16]

Sarah Maggs, who was christened on October 29, 1786;¹²

James Maggs, who was christened on April 1, 1790¹² died in infancy, and was buried in Potterne on August 13, 1790;¹² 

Betty Maggs, who was christened on September 23, 1792;¹² and

John Maggs, who was christened on May 1, 1796,¹² died at the age of 37, and was buried in Potterne on October 27m 1833.[17]  John married Jane Burt[18], the daughter of James Burt.  They had five children: Caroline, Charles, Sarah, Frederick and Selma Jane.

Thomas Maggs (1779 – 1869)

Thomas Maggs, the second son of Thomas Maggs and Mary Beard, was christened on December 12, 1779 in Potterne, Wiltshire, and lived his long life in the nearby village of Marston.  Little is known of his life.  According to his son James’s marriage certificate, Thomas was a labourer⁵.  This might mean that, like James, he was an agricultural labourer, who worked in the fields for daily or weekly wages and perhaps the use of a small cottage in which to house his family.  He might have worked in one of the local industries, but in that case his occupation would more likely have been listed as something more specific like cloth worker, tucker, or miller.  Another possibility is that he was supported by the parish in return for physical labour such as roadwork, as was done in other Wiltshire parishes.[19] 

On May 19, 1802, Thomas married Mary Bolter (or Boulter) in Little Cheverell, Wiltshire,[20] which is about 4 miles (6.4 km) from Marston.  The banns for the marriage were published in the parish churches of both Potterne and Little Cheverell on March 21, March 28, and April 4, 1802.  Publication of banns was a typical practice in the Anglican Church.  On three successive Sundays the priest would announce, “I publish the banns of marriage between N and N.  If anyone knows cause or just impediment why these two should not be joined in matrimony, ye are to declare it.”

Mary Bolter’s origins are unclear.  Presumably she was a member of the parish church of Little Cheverell, as the marriage took place in that church.  The Little Cheverell parish register lists numerous Bolters or Boulters.  However, there is no baptism of a Mary who would have been of an age to have married Thomas Maggs, nor is there a record of a Bolter/Boulter death that would have left a widow Mary at the right time for her to have married Thomas Maggs.  A Mary, daughter of Henry and Anne Bolter, was baptized in Potterne on October 13, 1771, but she seems rather old to have married Thomas Maggs.  Thus, Mary’s parentage is unknown.

Mary might have had a family connection to Robert Bolter, who was a witness to her marriage.  Based on a later burial record, Robert Bolter appears to have been the parish clerk.  Thus, rather than being a family member, he might have acted as witness in his capacity as parish clerk.  On the other hand, Robert might have been a relative as well as parish clerk.  A clerk would need to be literate.  Mary’s family may have been able to provide some education for her, as it appears that she signed her name in the marriage register rather than marking “X” as Thomas did.

Thomas Maggs and Mary Bolter had seven children, all of whom probably were born in Marston and were baptized in the parish church of Potterne (St. Mary the Virgin).  G. Edmondstone, Vicar, performed the baptisms of the last four children.  The children were:

James Maggs,[21] who was christened on December 16, 1804;¹² James was the father of Sarah, and his biography is presented separately;

Elizabeth Maggs, who was christened on June 21, 1807;¹²

Jane Maggs, who was christened on July 15, 1810;¹²

Rebecca Maggs, who was christened on January 9; 1814;[22]

William Maggs, who was christened on April 20, 1817;²²

George Maggs, who was christened on February 11, 1821;²² and

John Maggs, who was christened on February 13, 1824.²²  John was a labourer.[23]  He married Anne Ragbourne, daughter of James Ragbourne, on August 14, 1845²³ in Potterne with Charles Maggs and Grace Ragbourne as witnesses.[24]

Mary (Bolton) Maggs died in 1856 or 1857 and was buried in Worton.[25]  The exact date of her burial is uncertain because the Chapelry of Worton has burial records for two women named Mary Maggs who were of similar ages and were buried within less than a year of each other.  The second Mary probably was Thomas’s sister.  One Mary, aged 74, was buried on August 9, 1856, and the other, aged 76, was buried on January 27, 1857.  Given the uncertainties associated ages in the parish registers, positive identification of the two women is not possible.

Thomas Maggs lived to the age of 89, according to the burial record, or at least 90 based on the date of his baptism.  He was buried in Worton on February 18, 1869, in a service conducted by A.E. Aldridge.

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[1] H F Chettle, W R Powell, P A Spalding and P M Tillott, “Parishes: Potterne”, in A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 7, ed. R B Pugh and Elizabeth Crittall (London, 1953), pp. 207-217. Digitized [online]: British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol7/pp207-217.  Accessed January 2, 2020.

[2]Lewis, T. 2012. Worton & Marston. [Online] Wiltshire Online Parish Clerks.  https://www.wiltshire-opc.org.uk/genealogy/index.php/parish-directory/item/33-worton-marston. Accessed January 2, 2020.

[3] GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, History of Marston, in Kennet and Wiltshire | Map and description, A Vision of Britain through Time.  [Online] http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/11968.  Accessed January 2, 2020.

[4]“The History of Worton Mill”, Wiltshire OPC Project/2014.  [Online] Wiltshire Online Parish Clerks.  https://www.wiltshire-opc.org.uk/Items/Worton/Worton%20&%20Marston%20-%20History%20of%20Worton%20Mill.pdf.  Accessed January 2, 2020.

[5] England, General Register Office, Certified Copy of an Entry of Marriage - James Maggs and Emma Maria Withers, Originally recorded in the Registration District of Keynsham, County of Somerset, 1842.  Copy issued 2 Oct 2003, Application No. PAS 935447/1, Certificate MXB 47937.

[6] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne, General Register (baptisms, marriages, burials) 1653-1771; baptisms and burials 1771-1812; baptisms 1813-1864; banns 1754-1793; marriages 1754-1796, Microfilm of original records in the Wiltshire County Record Office, Trowbridge.  FHL Film No. 1279344, Item 32 (Vol. 1172/6), page 9, no. 25.

[7] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne Marriage and Burial Records, 1793-1907, Microfilm copy of original registers from Family History Library, FHL Film No. 1279345, items 1-5, Item No. 3, page 57, # 453.

[8] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne, General Register (baptisms, marriages, burials) 1653-1771; baptisms and burials 1771-1812; baptisms 1813-1864; banns 1754-1793; marriages 1754-1796, Microfilm of original records in the Wiltshire County Record Office, Trowbridge.  FHL Film No. 1279344, Item 28 (1172/2).

[9] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne, General Register (baptisms, marriages, burials) 1653-1771; baptisms and burials 1771-1812; baptisms 1813-1864; banns 1754-1793; marriages 1754-1796, Microfilm of original records in the Wiltshire County Record Office, Trowbridge.  FHL Film No. 1279344, Item 29 (Vol.1172/3).

[10] The burial register gives Mary’s age at death as 67, which would make her date of birth 1851.  This record appears to be the only Mary Maggs who could have been in her 60s.

[11] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne Marriage and Burial Records, 1793-1907, Microfilm copy of original registers from Family History Library, FHL Film No. 1279345, items 1-5, Item No. 4 (1172/14), page 17, #135.

[12] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne, General Register (baptisms, marriages, burials) 1653-1771; baptisms and burials 1771-1812; baptisms 1813-1864; banns 1754-1793; marriages 1754-1796, Microfilm of original records in the Wiltshire County Record Office, Trowbridge.  FHL Film No. 1279344, Item 29 (Vol. 1172/3).

[13] Church of England, Chapelry of Worton-Marston, Baptisms 1841-1908 and burials 1841-1954, Microfilm of original records in the Wiltshire County Record Office, Trowbridge.  FHL Film No. 1279345.  Items 6-7, Page 22, #173.

[14] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne Marriage and Burial Records, 1793-1907, Microfilm copy of original registers from Family History Library, FHL Film No. 1279345, items 1-5, Item No. 1 (1172/7), marriages page 9, #36.

[15] England, General Register Office, Certified Copy of an Entry of Marriage - James Maggs and Emma Maria Withers, Originally recorded in the Registration District of Keynsham, County of Somerset, 1842.  Copy issued 2 Oct 2003, Application No. PAS 935447/1, Certificate MXB 47937.

[16] Church of England, Chapelry of Worton-Marston, Baptisms 1841-1908 and burials 1841-1954, Microfilm of original records in the Wiltshire County Record Office, Trowbridge.  FHL Film No. 1279345.  Items 6-7, Page 15, #116 & #120. 

[17] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne Marriage and Burial Records, 1793-1907, Microfilm copy of original registers from Family History Library, FHL Film No. 1279345, items 1-5, Item No. 4 (1172/14), page 73, # 581.

[18] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne Marriage and Burial Records, 1793-1907, Microfilm copy of original registers from Family History Library, FHL Film No. 1279345, items 1-5, Item No. 3 (1172/9), page 20, #40.

[19] Wiltshire Historical Note from Downton Mass Exodus. [Online] http://thedowntonstory.com/ Accessed January 2, 2020.

[20] .  Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne Marriage and Burial Records, 1793-1907, Microfilm copy of original registers from Family History Library, FHL Film No. 1279345, items 1-5, Item No. 1 (1172/7), banns page 11, #52. .... Church of England, Parish Church of Little Cheverell, General Register of Baptisms, Marriages and Burials 1647-1760: Baptisms and burials 1760-1812, Marriages 1755-1837, Banns 1754-1811, Microfilm copy of original registers from Wiltshire Record Office (2371/1). Family History Library, FHL Film No. 950255.

[21] Certified Copy of a Marriage  Certificate - George Paradice and Sarah Maggs (1854, 2nd quarter.  District of Bristol.  Number 107.  Certificate issued 23 August 2001.  MXA 886293.).

[22] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne, General Register (baptisms, marriages, burials) 1653-1771; baptisms and burials 1771-1812; baptisms 1813-1864; banns 1754-1793; marriages 1754-1796, Microfilm of original records in the Wiltshire County Record Office, Trowbridge.  FHL Film No. 1279344, Item 30 (Vo. 1172/4).

[23] Church of England, Parish Church of Potterne Marriage and Burial Records, 1793-1907, Microfilm copy of original registers from Family History Library, FHL Film No. 1279345, items 1-5, Item No. 3 (1172/9), page 46, #91.

[24] John was shown on the marriage record as a minor, although he would have been 21 based on his date of baptism.  This entry might be an error, but it suggests the possibility that it was a different John Maggs.  Anne was shown as “of age.”

[25] Church of England, Chapelry of Worton-Marston, Baptisms 1841-1908 and burials 1841-1954, Microfilm of original records in the Wiltshire County Record Office, Trowbridge.  FHL Film No. 1279345.  Items 6-7, Page 15, #116 & #120.

Sarah Maggs, Wife of George Paradice

Sarah (Maggs) Paradice’s obituary states that “…she was in all respects a model wife and mother and as such an ornament to her sex.”  While these glib words reflect the attitude towards women in the 1890s, they do a disservice to a woman who prevailed despite a life of hardship and tragedy.

Sarah Ann Maggs was born to Hannah (Bodman) and James Maggs in about 1828.[i]  Her birthplace was the hamlet of Englishbatch (Inglesbatch) in Somerset, England.  The village was too small to have its own church, and Sarah was baptized  in the Parish Church of Englishcombe on .March 9, 1828[ii]  The Maggs family would have walked about 3 km, much of it up a steep hill, to reach the church.

Englishcombe and Englishbatch are agricultural communities.  Mary Stacey and Rob Ilnes (1983) describe the rural landscape as follows:

The predominant characteristic of the man- made landscape is its narrow sunken roadways with their impressive hedgebanks and which have been little altered since at least medieval times.  Within the present field system the medieval pattern of land use is largely retained, with the steep slope to Newton Brook being divided into narrow strips of meadow, the arable land on the central plateau and the woods and pasture in the east.  The settlement pattern of this area is largely nucleated.  In addition to the village of Englishcombe there are two hamlets in the parish, Inglesbatch and Nailwell.  Nailwell is a nineteenth century development alongside the road to Priston.  Inglesbatch was a medieval settlement but most of its farms were rebuilt in the nineteenth century.[iii]

According to Jean Manco (1995), “Englishcombe was typical of the villages that developed in the late Saxon period over a large part of England.  The arable land of the manor was in two large open fields, which were cultivated in rotation.  Each field was divided into strips allocated by the lord to himself and his tenants.  As a rule with this type of farming, the tenants lived in cottages clustered around the manor house and church.  Most of them were copyholders, who held their land in return for work on the lord's.  They could not sell it or bequeath it, though in practice lands often did pass from father to son.”[iv]

James Maggs, Sarah’s father, was an agricultural laborer, the lowest class of worker.  He would was not have been a copyholder but would have worked on one of the manor farms and likely been paid on a weekly basis.  The Maggs family probably was poor, living at a subsistence level.  A typical agricultural labourer earned about 8s per week, but his wife and children of six years and older usually worked as well, adding to the family’s income.  A “model labourer” brought before a committee investigating labourers’ wages described his circumstances as follows:

He lived chiefly on bread and cheese, had often touched no meat for a month together, got now and then a little bacon, and sometimes a ha’porth of milk, but the farmers did not like selling it.  His ordinary drink was tea.  He had no pig, but he had a garden where he grew plenty of potatoes.[v]

The mother and children who worked in the fields raking the harvested wheat could supplement the family’s meager ration by gleaning.  That is, they would collect the loose grain left in the field after the harvest.  This procedure would produce enough for a few loaves of homemade bread and some straw for bedding.

The Maggs family lived in a cottage, which they probably rented from the landowner, although in some cases a cottage was provided as part of the worker’s wage.  A typical cottage consisted of one large room on the main floor and possibly one or two sleeping rooms on an upper floor.  The cottage had no running water and no heat except that produced by a fireplace on the main floor.  It often was damp with leaking roof and walls.[vi]

What began as a hard life must have become harder when Sarah’s mother Hannah fell ill with consumption.  There might have been a long period when she was unable to work in the fields or care for her family.  Hannah died on December 8, 1840.  Sarah was then about 12 years old.

By the following June, when the 1841 census was taken, Sarah was no longer living with her family.[vii]  She might have been sent to live with another family to be looked after or more likely to work as a servant.  The 1841 census shows a 14-year-old Sarah Maggs, born in “Coombe,” Somerset, living in the household of Mary Bailey in Freshford, Somerset.[viii]  Freshford is approximately 15 km from Inglesbatch.  This Sarah might be the daughter of James and Hannah, particularly if “Coombe” was shorthand for Englishcombe or a mistake due to similarities in the names.  However, there is a Coombe Down less than 8 km from Freshford, which throws some doubt on this conclusion.

By 1851 Sarah appears to have been working in Bristol.  The 1851 census lists a 23-year-old Sarah Maggs, a household servant in the home of Dora De Vine, an annuitant (pensioner).[ix]  This Sarah was born in “Combe, Somerset” and appears to be the person who was living with Mary Bailey in 1841.  Dora De Vine and Sarah Maggs lived in Clifton, a section of Bristol where Sarah some years lived after her marriage to George Paradice.

For Sarah, life as a servant might in some ways have become more comfortable, but not much easier than her life in Englishbatch.  A flat in Bristol would at least have been drier and perhaps warmer than the farm labourer’s cottage.  However, Sarah would have worked long hours with few, if any, holidays.  She would have been allowed a few hours off on Sunday to attend church – or she might have been forced to accompany her employer to church.  She would have been under constant scrutiny with her employer trying to ensure that she was “acting right.”  Many employers insisted on no boyfriends.  In the 1840s and 1850s employers were allowed to beat their servants.  If Sarah’s employer had limited means to afford a servant, she might not even have received enough to eat.  On the other hand, she might have been employed by a caring person who had a sense of responsibility for her welfare.[x]  There are no records of Sarah’s actual working conditions.

As a servant, Sarah would have had little time to visit her family.  Nevertheless, she did not lose the family connection.  She returned to Englishbatch in 1853 to be a witness at the marriage of her brother Henry to Fanny Ann Stevens. [xi]  Another witness was George Paradice.  A year later Sarah married George Paradice.

How Sarah met George is unclear.  Assuming that she was working as a servant in Bristol, the most likely place for them to have met was at church.  However, it is possible, though perhaps unlikely, that George had a family connection to Englishbatch.  The 1861 census shows another family headed by “George Paradise” living in Englishbatch.[xii]  This George Paradise was born in Bradford, Wiltshire, and his connection, if any, to George Paradice of Bristol and Bedminster is unknown.

Sarah and George would have been expected to conform to the rules of courting that were common in Victorian England.  These rules included a prohibition of physical contact between a woman and man before marriage.  Nevertheless, Sarah’s and George’s first child was born only six months after their wedding, which took place on May 27, 1854.[xiii]

George Paradice, Jr. was baptized in St. Philip and St. Jacob Church on November 19, 1854,[xiv] at the age of three weeks.  He was the first of nine children born to Sarah and George Paradice and the first of five who did not survive infancy or early childhood.  The infant George was buried at Holy Trinity Church on April 4, 1855.[xv]

Life as the wife of a ship’s carpenter might have been more comfortable than life as the child of an agricultural labourer, but it would have been lonely and stressful.  George would have spent months, or possibly years, at sea, leaving Sarah to raise their children by herself.  Communication would have been infrequent and difficult.  Although George might have written letters to her, it appears that Sarah was illiterate, as indicated by their marriage certificate, which she signed with an “X.”  There would have been periods when Sarah wondered whether George was still alive, or she might even have believed him dead, if the family legend of shipwreck is correct.  She would have been unable to reach out to him for comfort as she endured the illnesses and deaths of four of her children.

Sarah was not entirely alone, however.  She had the support of George’s sister, Elizabeth Robinson, who was listed as the informant on the death certificates of Sarah’s infant son Thomas in 1863 and her daughters Emma and Annie in 1866.

George’s return from the sea brought new challenges.  With major dock closures at Woolwich and Portsmouth in 1869 George was unable to find work, and Sarah again faced poverty.  The British government and the British and Colonial Emigration Society “rescued” the family by financing their immigration to Canada.  Sarah must have felt some trepidation about taking her three surviving children on a long sea voyage to an unknown, potentially uncivilized country.  Worse, the move would mean leaving behind the family who had provided emotional support during the previous difficult years.  Additionally, Sarah either was pregnant or soon would become pregnant.

As difficult as the leave-taking and the journey may have been, the move to Canada was the start of new life.  In the ship-building center of St. Catharines George prospered.  Sarah gave birth to a healthy son, William, who along with his siblings grew to adulthood.  Within about ten years Edwin, Frank, and Alice had married and produced grandchildren.  Sarah must have relished some leisure time to enjoy her grandchildren.

However, the prospects of prosperity and/or adventure soon drew Sarah’s children south.  By 1890 Sarah and George were alone in St. Catharines with only Edwin and his family relatively nearby in Buffalo, New York.  The rest of the family was in Denver, Colorado.

As Sarah’s life was nearing its conclusion, Sarah and George were able to see England once again.  No doubt they visited George’s siblings in Bristol, with whom they had maintained contact during the long separation.  Whether Sarah saw any of her family is not known, but some of her half-brothers and a half-sister were living in Bristol at that time.


Sarah died on June 13, 1894, and was buried in Victoria Lawn Cemetery.  Not long after, George joined his children in Denver, leaving Sarah to rest alone in St. Catharines.  Perhaps it was guilt at the leave-taking or perhaps a desire to leave something tangible to remember a woman who had little for most of her life, but the family erected a large and rather ostentatious monument over her grave (Photo by Ruth Watkins Jaynes on findagrave.com).

.

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[i] Englishcombe is a village just outside of Bath.  Sarah's death certificate lists her birthplace as Bath.  The 1861 census lists her birthplace as Englishcombe.  The current map shows no Englishbatch, but there is an Inglesbatch about 3 km southwest of Englishcombe.  However, the 1841 census shows the James Maggs family (without Sarah) in the Village of Englishcombe.

[ii] Church of England, Parish Church of Englishcombe, Bishops Transcripts, Baptisms, Marriages and Burials 1605-1812 and 1813-1837, Family History Library (LDS) Microfilm No. 1470971, Items No. 27 and 28, Item 28, page 21, no. 166.

[iii] Stacey, M. and R. Ilnes.  1983.  Historic Landscape Study of the Manor of Englishcombe.  Planning Department. Avon County Council. Avon House North. St. James Barton. Bristol.  [Online] http://www.englishcombe.net/pdf/landscape%20survey.pdf.  Accessed May 5, 2018/

[iv] Manco, J.  1996.  The Parish of Englishcombe: A History.  Englishcombe Parish Council.  [Online} http://www.englishcombe.net/pdf/englishcombe%20history%20-%20manco.pdf.  Accessed May 5, 2018.

[v] Report on Labourers' Wages, 1824, p. 31, cited in Hasbach, W. 1894.  A History of the English Agricultural Labourer, Great Britain: P. King & Son (first English edition, 1908), page 206.

[vi] “Life on a Victorian Farm.”  [Online] About Britain http://www.aboutbritain.com/articles/life-on-a-victorian-farm.asp; and “The Ag-Lab in England - 1750/1860” [online] http://winsomegriffin.com/Benbow/Rural_Life.html.  Accessed December 30, 2019.

[vii] 1841 Census England - Village of Englishcombe, Family History Library FHL Microfilm # 0474605. RG9 1724, page 13. The census was taken on 14 June 1841.  It lists only James Maggs, 11-year-old Jane, and 10-year-old Henry.

[viii]"England and Wales Census, 1841," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MQ14-WNG: 13 December 2017), Sarah Maggs in household of Mary Bailey, Freshford, Somerset, England; from "1841 England, Scotland and Wales census," database and images, findmypast (http://www.findmypast.com: n.d.); citing PRO HO 107, The National Archives, Kew, Surrey.

[ix] "England and Wales Census, 1851," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:SGB4-2PD: 11 November 2017), Sarah Maggs in household of Dora D De Vine, Clifton, Gloucestershire, England; citing Clifton, Gloucestershire, England, p. 41, from "1851 England, Scotland and Wales census," database and images, findmypast (http://www.findmypast.com: n.d.); citing PRO HO 107, The National Archives of the UK, Kew, Surrey.

[x] Alitt, P. 2017. “The Life of Domestic Servants in Victorian England.”  [Online] The Great Courses Daily https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/servants-in-victorian-england/.  Accessed December 29, 2019.

[xi] Church of England, Parish Church of Englishcombe, Bishop's Transcripts - Baptisms, Marriages and Burials 1837-1866 (Family History Library (LDS) Microfilm No. 1526169, Item 4), Page 16 & 17, No. 21

[xii] “England and Wales Census, 1861.” Database with images. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org: 23 October 2019. From "1861 England, Scotland and Wales census." Database and images. findmypast. http://www.findmypast.com: n.d. Citing PRO RG 9. The National Archives, Kew, Surrey.

[xiii] Certified Copy of a Marriage Certificate - George Paradice and Sarah Maggs (1854, 2nd quarter.  District of Bristol.  Number 107.  Certificate issued 23 August 2001.  MXA 886293.). 

[xiv] St. Philip and St. Jacob's Church (Bristol, England), "Baptisms 1855-1864," Baptism of George Paradice; FHL microfilm 1,596,779, item page 515. Cit. Date: 1 Jul 2010.

[xv] Holy Trinity (Bristol, England), "Burials 1855," Burial of George Paradice; FHL microfilm 1595526 1,595,526, item page 85. Cit. Date: 1 Jul 2010.